martes, 30 de mayo de 2017

A pintura en Leonardo II

Na entrada anterior púidose observar o carácter prioritario da pintura e do debuxo para Leonardo da Vinci. Empregaremos esta entrada, de novo da man de Tatarkiewicz, para amosar de forma máis precisa o por que desta aseveración por parte do autor que nos ocupa.

A comparación faise con tres disciplinas artísticas. O primeiro é o caso da poesía, o segundo da música e, finalmente, o terceiro da escultura. Así pois, aquí quedan todas reflexadas a partir de fragmentos de Tatarkiewicz.

Painting stands higher tan poetry because: 1. it has a wider scope: it is the only art which imitates all visible things, even those for which poetry lacks words; 2. it represents things through pictures, not words, and a word is to a picture as a shadow to a real body; 3. it represents things with a greater truth than poetry, for words are conventional; 4. it represents nature, the work of God, not human inventions as poetry does; 5. it uses the most noble and reliable of the senses, the eye, whereas poetry uses one less deserving of confidence, the ear; 6. it is based on knowledge, specially optical knowledge, and moreover, greatly expands this knowledge; 7. painting cannot be copied, as is done with some literary works, where the copy is just as valuable as the original; “the uniqueness” of painting makes it more glorious than the other arts; 8. it is more accessible to people than poetry, requires less commentary; 9. its impact is more immediate; 10. it interests and attracts people, whereas poetic descriptions often bore and fatigue them; 11. it contains harmony like the harmony of music; 12. it has the advantage that it presents its entire content at once, whereas poetry does so in stages and needs time for this.” - TATARKIEWICZ, Wladyslaw, History of Aesthetics. Volume 3. Modern Aesthetics, England, Thoemmes Press, 1974, p. 128-129.

                Leonardo non queda aí, senón que tamén equipara a pintura a outras artes, como son a música e a escultura. Dá razóns ao respecto dunha e doutra:

            Painting stands higher tan music for the same reasons it stands higher tan poetry (it adresses a higher sense, etc.) and also because: 1. painting endures, while music dies immediately after performance; 2. it has a wider scope and embraces everything, the università e varietà di cose, depicting things which are in nature as well as others which are not.” - TATARKIEWICZ, Wladyslaw, History of Aesthetics. Volume 3. Modern Aesthetics, England, Thoemmes Press, 1974, p. 129.

                Finalmente, dá a súa vision da pintura con respecto da escultura:


            Finally, painting stands higher tan sculpture because: 1. it is a more intellectual art and requires less physical exertion than sculpture; 2. it represents a higher degree of knowledge: sculpture does not require the mental effort and deliberation, which is peculiar to this knowledge, and is necessary in order to represent space on a flat surface; 3. it has wider tasks; of the ten functions of the eye (light, shade, colour, body, form, position, distance, nearness, movement and rest) seven are realized  in painting, but only five in sculpture (…); 4. the scope of sculpture is more limited; for example, one cannot represent things like transparent and luminous bodies; 5. painting creates a miracle (miraviglia), giving the illusion of space, shadows and perspective, whereas the sculptor simply makes things as they are; 6. painting is more difficult than sculpture because it depicts things that are distant and intangible; 7. it is richer because sculpture does not use colours; 8. it is more independent because sculpture makes figures which are already potentially contained in marble; shadows are placed on the sculpture by nature, not by the sculptor; and similarly, nature dictates the proportions of the sculpture; 9. painting is more diverse because it can represent bodies form various angles, whereas sculpture has only two possible aspects, from the front or from the back.” - TATARKIEWICZ, Wladyslaw, History of Aesthetics. Volume 3. Modern Aesthetics, England, Thoemmes Press, 1974, p. 129.



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